## Local Structures
> [!definition|*] V-Structures and Colliders
> Vertex triplets $(i,~j,~k)$ where $i\to k\leftarrow j$ but $i\not \sim j$ is called a **v-structure**:
> ```mermaid
> graph LR
> i --> k
> k ~~~ j --> k
> j ~~~ k
> ```
> The center $k$ of the v-structure is called a **collider**.
^d17b82
- Here $a \to b$ means that the edge $\vec{ab}$ exists, not that there exists a path going from $a$ to $b$.